@article{oai:rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001139,
 author = {菅, 豊 and Suga, Yutaka},
 journal = {国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {application/pdf, 日本の低湿地帯において，1960～1970年頃まで，ホリタ，ホリアゲタなどと呼ばれる掘り上げ水田が存在した。それは低湿な地面，あるいは湖底の泥土を搔き取ってかさ上げし，また，同時にできる溝渠（堀潰れという）によって排水路を確保する開田技術である。湖沼河川の延長線上にある，あまりにも低湿な土地を開墾するために，泥土を搔き揚げ，かさ上げし，一方，泥土をとった部分は逆に掘り下げられ水面に没する。その水面と残された水田は，ちょうど櫛状の特異な景観を構成することとなる。当然，水面下の部分での耕作は不可能となるが，一方，水田部分は標高を保つことができ，過剰な水を排することが可能になるのである。
この掘り上げ水田工法は，その分布と発展の歴史から，もっぱら浅い沼沢地の底土をもって昇級した水田開発型と，一度陸地化した水田自体を削ってまで昇級した水田安定型に分けることができる。この違いは，「水辺」の開発段階に置き換えることができる。すなわち，前者は，少しでも水田を切り添えしようとして「水辺」に進出し，湖沼縁辺低湿地を開発し，水田化を目指す開発初期の段階に最前線で直接展開されるもので，後者はすでに「水辺」を改変して水田化した次の段階で，元に復して低湿地化しやすい環境（低湿水田）を，限定的な水田として維持することを目的としたものである。この二つのタイプは，低湿な環境を水田として利用するための共通した技術として扱うことができるが，その工法の採用の動機づけには大きな違いがある。さらに，前者の技術の登場年代についてはそれが定まらないのに対し，後者の発生は中世を否定できないものの，積極的に活用されたのは近世中期以降である。その時代が低湿地帯の新田開発と軌を一にすることは注目に値する。, From the end of World War Ⅱ through the 1960 s and 1970 s, horiage (Dug up-style) rice fields called horita or horiageta were found in low, swampy areas of Japan. Horiage is a kind of rice-field development technique that creates rice fields by digging out low, damp ground or mud and earth from the bottom of a lake and piling it up, while at the same time ensuring irrigation by using the ditches created by the digging (called horitsubure). In order to cultivate waterside land surrounding ponds, marshes, and rivers that was too low and damp, mud and earth were dug out and piled up, while the dug out areas were dug deeper and sank below water's surface. Thus the water areas and the rice fields formed a unique shape that resembled a comb. Naturally, farming became unfeasible in areas that were underwater, but the rice field areas were able to be kept above sea level, which made it possible to drain off excess water.
The history of the distribution and development of the methods for constructing horiage-style rice fields shows us two types of construction methods; one in which the rice fields are formed by raising up the earth at the bottom of shallow swamps and marshes, and the other a stabilized form in which existing rice fields are maintained, even if that means digging up other rice fields that have already been raised to ground level. This difference can be thought of as a stage of development of “waterfronts.” With the former type, people advanced to the “waterfronts” and developed the low, swampy lands surrounding ponds and marshes for the purpose of creating as much land for rice fields as possible. This was done at the very beginning when rice fields were first being developed, while the latter type is at the next stage, where the “waterfronts” had already been turned into rice fields. The purpose was to maintain particular rice fields in an environment that was likely to return to its low, swampy state. While these two types may be treated as common techniques used for turning low, swampy environments into rice fields, the motives that led people to employ these different techniques are significantly different. We cannot determine during which period the former type was used for first time, but we know that although the emergence of the latter type was undeniably in the medieval period, it came into active use in the mid modern age. It is significant that this is the same period as when new rice fields were being developed in low, swampy areas.},
 pages = {357--380},
 title = {「水辺」の開拓史 : 近世中期における掘り上げ水田工法の発展とその要因（環境と歴史）},
 volume = {105},
 year = {2003},
 yomi = {スガ, ユタカ}
}