@article{oai:rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001248,
 author = {中村, 太一 and Nakamura, Taichi},
 journal = {国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {application/pdf, 日本古代の交易に関する従来の研究は、交易者・市の様相や法的規制、あるいは官司や官人による交易活動の解明に主眼を置いてきた。このため、交易活動の動機や目的などについては、必ずしも追究されてこなかった。そこで本稿では、ポランニーが指摘する交易者の動機や目的に着目し、交易者の実態やその類型を抽出することを目的とした。
まず第一章では、ポランニーの指摘に基づいて、史料に見える交易の動機について、包括的な分析を行った。その結果、日本古代においては、外部産品の獲得を目的とした交易に従事する、身分動機の交易者が多く存在すること。他方、利潤動機の交易者は零細で、社会的地位も低いこと。したがって、交易量全体に占める割合では、獲得型・身分動機型交易が多数を占めるであろうことなどを明らかにした。
また第二章では、官司や王臣家の交易は、基本的に獲得型・身分動機型交易であること。長屋王家による酒食販売事業なども、家政運営に必要な銭貨調達を目的としたものであることを指摘した。
さらに第三章では、地方豪族が畿内で展開した交易は、利潤追求が目的ではなく、在地では入手しえない文物を獲得することに主たる目的があったこと。このため、列島や海外の物産が集まる京や難波に交易の拠点を設けたこと。また彼らの銭貨獲得は、純経済的な私富追求ではなく、威信財としての位階や銭貨の入手を目的としたものであることを明らかにした。
最後に第四章では、利潤動機の商人について検討した。ここでは、彼らのうち市人や近距離型行商は、消費経済の進展につれて数的拡大傾向が認められるものの、大多数の経営体は小規模のまま推移したこと。その一方で平安時代後期になると、比較的大規模な交易を展開する遠距離交易商人の姿が見られるようになること。彼らは、王臣家等が展開してきた獲得型交易構造の一部を代替する形で事業を展開し、成長を遂げていったと考えられることなどを述べた。, Research undertaken to date on trade in ancient Japan has concentrated on bringing to light information on traders, the activities of markets, legal restrictions, and the trading activities of public offices and officials. Consequently, the motives and objectives for trading have not necessarily been pursued in these studies. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to explore the circumstances of traders and categories thereof, making use of the classifications for the motives and objectives of traders that have been established by Karl Polanyi.
First, following Polanyi's guidelines and a comprehensive analysis of motives in ancient Japan, I found that there were a great many traders who were engaged in trade for the purpose of acquiring products from outside their own regions. In contrast, I found that traders who pursued profit were few in number and that they also had a low social standing. Accordingly, it is evident that in terms of the total number of traders, the vast majority consisted of those involved in trade for the purpose of acquisition.
Next, this study also revealed that trade by public offices, the imperial household, and the aristocracy was fundamentally acquisition-oriented. Merchandising activities by the aristocracy were also conducted for the purpose of supplying money required for the running of their households. Powerful families from outlying regions who traded in central areas also did so not out of the pursuit of profit, but for the purpose of acquiring commodities they were not able to obtain locally. It was for this reason that trading bases for gathering products from around the Japanese archipelago and from overseas were established in Kyoto and Naniwa. This paper shows that these people acquired money for achieving a rank that would indicate their authority and for the purpose of obtaining money.
In the last section of the study, I examine merchants who traded for the purpose of making a profit. Although in numerical terms the increase in merchants who traded in markets and traveling merchants who covered short distances was accompanied by the development of a consumption economy, the business entities of the vast majority of these merchants remained small in scale. However, by the end of the Heian period, there began to emerge merchants trading over long distances who developed substantial trading activities. These merchants established their businesses by partially substituting the acquisition-oriented trade structure that had been developed by the aristocracy, which they subsequently developed with great success.},
 pages = {11--33},
 title = {日本古代の交易者 : 目的とその類型（1. 交易・流通の理解）},
 volume = {113},
 year = {2004},
 yomi = {ナカムラ, タイチ}
}