@article{oai:rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001484,
 author = {三上, 喜孝 and Mikami, Yoshitaka},
 journal = {国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {application/pdf, 本稿は、八世紀末から九世紀初頭を律令国家の転換期であるとする本共同研究の立場から、光仁・桓武朝期における国土意識の転換について論ずることを目的とする。ここでいう「国土意識」とは、国土の境界意識、空間認識、山野支配や田地支配の理念、王土思想といった、国土にかかわる意識全般を意味する。むろん、国土意識は、特定の時期にのみあらわれるものではないが、古代日本における国土意識の変化の画期を考える上で、光仁・桓武朝期を検討することは意味があることと考える。
九世紀における国土意識の変容を考える素材の一つに、日本海側の諸国を中心に広く行われるようになった「四天王法」があげられるが、その端緒となったのが、宝亀五年（七七四）に、新羅調伏を目的として大宰府に建立された四天王寺であった。宝亀年間は、新羅からの来着者のうち、「帰化」でない「流来」の者を送還するという強硬な措置をとったり、山陰道・北陸道などの日本海側諸国に警護を命じたりするなど、新羅との関係が緊張した時期であった。こうした現実的な緊張関係に加えて、疫病が国土の外からもたらされるという観念がこの時期芽生えはじめたことが、四天王寺建立に大きな影響を与えたものとみられる。
続く延暦年間は、桓武天皇による王土思想の高まりの影響を受けて、山野支配に大きな画期をみせる時期である。それに加えて、東北の辺境地域においても国土観念が強まり、現実の蝦夷との交易や辺境の田地開発に対して、律令国家が本格的な介入に乗り出すのである。辺境ばかりでなく、都城においても、銭貨流通にみられるように都城を「閉じられた空間」とする認識が生まれはじめる。このように、光仁・桓武朝は、九世紀以降に広がる国土意識の萌芽の時期として位置づけられるのである。, The aim of this paper is to discuss the change in consciousness concerning national territory during the Konin and Kammu eras from the perspective of collaborative research on the transitional period of the Ritsuryo state that took place from the end of the 8th century through the early 9th century. For the purposes of this paper “consciousness of national territory” encompasses a general awareness of the land of Japan and is defined as consciousness of national borders and space, principles governing control of the mountains, plains and agricultural land, and the concept of imperial land. Although consciousness of national territory did not appear in only one particular period, it is meaningful to examine the Konin and Kammu eras as a time during which a change occurred in consciousness of national territory in ancient Japan.
One source from which to study the change in consciousness during the 9th century is the “Shitenno-ho” (Doctrine of the Four Heavenly Kings) which spread widely among the provinces bordering the Japan Sea coast. One clue to this is the Shitenno-ji temple built in 774 in Dazaifu for the purpose of exorcizing Sillan curses. At this time (the Hoki era) relations between Japan and Silla were tense. Extreme measures were taken to return people arriving from Silla who were migrating to Japan back to their homeland and guards were ordered to the Sanin-do, Hokuriku-do and other routes in provinces facing the Japan Sea. The emergence during this period of the concept that pestilence was brought to Japan's national territory from outside is thought to have been a significant factor in the building of Shitenno-ji temples.
The following Enryaku era was influenced by growing support for Emperor Kammu's concept of imperial land, which made it a landmark period with regard to control of the mountains and plains. In addition, the concept of national territory strengthened in the borderland regions of the Tohoku as well, and the Ritsuryo state began interfering in trade that was taking place with Ezo and in developing agricultural land in the borderlands. However, such activity was not restricted to the borderlands, as in the walled cities too, as illustrated by the distribution of coins, a perception was emerging that viewed these cities as “closed spaces.” Consequently, the Konin and Kammu eras saw the birth of a consciousness of national territory that grew from the 9th century onwards.},
 pages = {201--211},
 title = {光仁・桓武朝の国土意識（第Ⅲ部　交通と周辺論）},
 volume = {134},
 year = {2007},
 yomi = {ミカミ, ヨシタカ}
}