@article{oai:rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001574,
 author = {関沢, まゆみ and Sekizawa, Mayumi},
 journal = {国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {application/pdf, 本稿は、明治末から大正初期にかけての地方改良運動の時期に行なわれた風俗調査『飾磨郡風俗調査』（兵庫県飾磨郡教育会）と『奈良県風俗志』資料（奈良県教育会）の両者における婚姻、妊婦・出産、葬儀の習俗について分析を試みたものであり、論点は以下のとおりである。第一に、両者の風俗調査の間には、旧来の慣行を一方的に「刷新改良」しようという飾磨郡教育会と、「我ガ風俗ノ何種ハ本ノマヽニシテ、何種ハ如何ニ変化シ将タ西洋ヨリ入来レルカヲ調ベ置カン」とする奈良県教育会とのその動機づけと姿勢の上で大きな差異があったことが判明した。そこで、第二に、『奈良県風俗志』に報告された奈良県下の各村落における大正四年（一九一五）当時の婚姻、妊婦・出産、葬儀の習俗について、その当時すでに変化が起こっていた習俗と、いまだに変化が起こっていない習俗との両者の実情を明らかにすることができた。（1）婚姻の儀式で注目されるのは、上流、中流、下流の階層差である（結納や嫁入り、自由結婚に対する意識など）。（2）妊婦と出産に関して変化のみられた習俗と変化のみられない習俗については、民俗慣行としての妊産婦をめぐる伝統的な営為が、近代化によって医療と衛生の領域へと移行していく当時の状況にあっても、産穢をめぐる部分はなかなかそのような変化が見られなかった。（3）婚姻の習俗や出産の習俗と比較して、葬送の習俗の場合にはあまり大きな変化が見られなかったが、その中にあっても葬式の参加者たちによる盛んな飲酒や飲食の風習が廃れてきていた。当時の刷新改良の眼目が、①無礼講から礼節へ、②虚栄奢侈から堅実倹約へ、③迷信から衛生へ、④祝祭から哀悼へ、という点にあったために、葬儀での盛大な飲食は、この①と②と④に抵触するものとみなされたからと考えられる。そして、一方では、先の出産習俗の中の産穢にかかわる部分と同様に葬送習俗の死穢にかかわる部分にはまだ強い介入がみられなかった。第三は、民俗の変化という問題についてである。民俗の伝承の過程における変遷については、基本的に集団的で集合的なものであるから相対的な変遷史であり絶対的な年代で単純化して表すことができない傾向がある。しかし、本稿では風俗志の資料分析によって、その民俗の変遷が具体的な地域における変化として具体的な年代を当ててリアルタイムで確認することができた。, This paper investigates customs associated with marriage, pregnancy and childbirth, and funerals recorded during the period of the Chiho-Kairyo Undo (Local Improvement Movement) spanning the end of the Meiji period and the beginning of the Taisho period. The records are contained in a survey of folk customs called “Shikama-gun Fuzoku Chosa” conducted by the educational association of Shikama County in Hyogo Prefecture, and in a collection of written records on folk customs titled “Nara-ken Fuzokushi” compiled by the Nara Prefecture educational association.
The paper first discusses the huge difference in motivation and attitudes towards folk customs represented in the two surveys. While the Shikama County educational association attempts to unilaterally “renew and improve” old practices, the Nara Prefecture educational association states, “Our aim is to investigate customs that have been passed down unchanged, customs that have changed, and customs that have been introduced from the West.”
Second, the paper describes both old and modified customs and practices associated with marriage, pregnancy and childbirth, and funerals that existed in 1915 in villages in Nara Prefecture as recorded in the “Naraken Fuzokushi.” Several features of interest emerge from this examination. Differences in marriage practices (betrothal gifts, “yome-iri,” and perceptions regarding free marriage) were apparent between the upper, middle and lower classes. With respect to old and modified practices associated with pregnancy and childbirth, even though modernization had seen a shift toward medical treatment and sanitation at the time, other issues remained resistant to change, such as those associated with the belief that mothers were defiled by childbirth for a brief period after birth. A study of funeral customs showed that they had remained largely unchanged compared with customs surrounding marriage and childbirth. However, one significant change was that those attending funerals no longer followed the custom of lavish drinking and eating. The movements for renewal and improvement at that time had four main purposes. They were to effect a change from 1) unrestrained behavior to propriety; 2) pretentious extravagance to frugality; 3) superstition to sanitation; and 4) celebration to mourning. Accordingly, lavish drinking and eating at funerals were considered to infringe upon 1) , 2) and 4) above. Also, as was the case with issues associated with the belief in defilement after childbirth, there seemed to have been little intervention in funeral customs associated with the belief in defilement caused by death in the family.
Third, the paper examines changes in folk customs. Changes that occur in the process of the passing down of folk customs basically occur collectively. Consequently, they constitute comparative history and as part of our social history cannot be expressed simply as having occurred at a specific date. However, by studying materials on the history of folk customs, it has been possible in this study to ascribe specific dates to changes that took place in specific districts, thus confirming changes in folk customs.},
 pages = {355--390},
 title = {『風俗志』にみる儀礼と習俗の変化 : 記録された明治大正期の人生儀礼},
 volume = {141},
 year = {2008},
 yomi = {セキザワ, マユミ}
}