@article{oai:rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:02000266,
 author = {満薗, 勇 and MITSUZONO, Isamu},
 journal = {国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {本稿の目的は，戦後日本の小売業における女性自営業主の位置づけを検討することにあり，以下の内容を明らかにした。小売業の自営業主に占める女性の割合は，1950年代後半から2010年代に至るまで一貫して3割前後に上り，安定的に推移した。1980年代後半からは，小売業が全体として「法人企業の世界」となり，自営業そのものが大きく縮小していったが，それでも自営業主の女性比は一定の割合を維持していた。女性自営業主には，業主となった経緯に即して，以下の4つの類型がみられた。①夫からの事業承継によるもので，もともとは店主の夫を中心とした家族経営のなかで，家族従業者である妻として従業していたところ，夫の死別により業主となったタイプ。②親や兄からの事業承継によるもので，家の家業を継ぐ男子がいないために，跡継ぎとして業主となっていくタイプ。③夫との死別を契機に新規開業に至ったもので，母子福祉資金貸付を受けて開業する場合もあった。④夫は健在ななかで新規開業に至ったもので，夫が別の職業をもっている場合も多く，追加的稼得や商売好きという動機も広くみられた。総じて女性自営業主による小売業経営は零細で，そこから得られる所得も男性に比べて明確な低水準にあった。そこでは，資金準備や技術習得に関わるジェンダー不平等とともに，女性はケアを担う性であるという性別役割分業の観念のもと，家事・育児などケアの負担を免れ得ないがゆえの時間的制約も大きかった。商店街組織の意志決定から女性が排除されてきた問題についても，こうした女性自営業主の性格を踏まえて検討されるべきであると考えられる。, The purpose of this paper is to examine the position of women self-employed owners in the retail industry in postwar Japan. When the self-employed owners of retail businesses were broken down by gender, the percentage of women was consistently around 30% from the late 1950s through the 2010s. From the late 1980s onward, the retail industry was dominated by corporate firms, and self-employment itself shrank significantly, although the percentage of self-employed women still remained constant. The women self-employed owners can be typified into four categories. The four categories are: (1) business succession from the husband, (2) business succession from a parent or older brother, (3) new business start-up triggered by the bereavement of the husband, and (4) new business start-up while the husband is still alive. In the type of (1), the woman herself was a family employee in a store owned by her husband and took over the management upon his death. However, since gender issues affected the acquisition of skills, including repair and processing, it appears that in many cases the wife was forced to change businesses if she could not replace her husband's role. The type of (2) was a pattern in which women took over the family business in the form of business succession when there was no male relative available to succeed to the family business. In the type of (3), retail business was started by mothers who became mothers and their children, and many of them obtained loans under the mother-child welfare system to start their own businesses. In type (4), many of them started their business while their husbands were working in other occupations, and they were motivated to start a new business for the purpose of earning additional income or because they loved the business. Retail operations by women self-employed owners were small in size, and the income earned from these operations was distinctly lower than that of men. This was largely due to gender inequality in financial preparation and skill acquisition, as well as time constraints due to the inescapable burden of housework, childcare, and other care responsibilities. Women have long been excluded from decision-making in shopping district organizations, and the causes of this exclusion should also be examined in light of the nature of these women self-employed business owners.},
 pages = {185--212},
 title = {[論文] 戦後日本の小売業とジェンダー : 女性自営業主の位置づけに注目して},
 volume = {248},
 year = {2024},
 yomi = {ミツゾノ, イサム}
}