@article{oai:rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00002124,
 author = {高橋, 一樹 and Takahashi, Kazuki},
 journal = {国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History},
 month = {Jan},
 note = {application/pdf, 日本古代・中世の文書は、その機能ともかかわる高い形式性ゆえに、だれでもが簡単に作成したり、機能させたりすることはできない。この点は文書とかかわりを持つ人々が古代社会に比べて拡大する中世社会を考えるうえではきわめて重要な視点であり、中世の支配階級に含まれながら新興勢力でもある武士と文書との関係を捉えようとする際にも例外にはなりえない。とりわけ、武士が幕府などの上位権力から受給し、その家に伝来した文書だけでなく、武士がより下位の階層にむけて発給したかたちをとる文書の場合、右のような分析視角は不可欠なものとなる。
本稿はこのような問題関心にもとづき、鎌倉幕府が補任した地頭（もしくはその代官）の名で作成・発給された上意下達文書である下文の現存例を収集し、その基礎的な検討を試みた。事例のほとんどは地方の寺社やそれともかかわる百姓身分の有力者の家に伝来しており、地域社会で機能する文書であった。
下文様式のなかでの形式のあり方については、必ずしも幕府が地頭たちに発給した下文の様式を模倣したものとは限らず、幕府文書からの影響とは異なる系譜関係をも想定せねばならない。この点と深くかかわるように、地頭下文には地頭（もしくはその代官）とならんで荘園や国領の公文が連署しているケースが散見され、地頭下文を実際に作成する主体に公文がいることが推測できる。その場合、公文は国司や留守所、あるいは荘園領主側からの下文をはじめとした上意下達文書を受給したり、それを参照する機会が多く、この回路が地頭下文の多様な形式の違いに反映している可能性が指摘できる。
地頭下文は、現存例からの検討からも、地頭となった武士の主体的な意志により彼らの家政で独自に作成されたものとは限らないことをふまえ、綿密な原本調査にもとづく本格的な研究が今後進められる必要がある。, In the early and medieval periods in Japan documents were not easily drawn up or understood by everybody because of the high level of formality relating to their function. This is a very important point to note when considering medieval society where the number of educated people involved in the creation and use of documents increased compared to earlier times; this point concerning function and formality will still remain true even when examining the relation between documents and bushi  (warrior) , who were now included in the ruling class of the medieval period and becoming the new emerging power. This analytical viewpoint is essential, especially in the study of documents given to bushi by a higher-ranking authority, such as the Shogunate government, and then handed down in their families, and also those documents created by bushi and issued to lower rank retainers.
Based on the above-mentioned issues and concerns, this study collected and conducted a primary examination of existing kudashibumi ( literally translated as official documents for communicating the will of one who governs to those who are governed) drawn up and issued under the name of an estate steward or their local governor appointed by the Kamakura Shogunate. Most of the examples were kept in local Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines, or handed down among the families of leading farmers involved with such temples and shrines, and they were key documents in the legal functioning of local communities.
The format of kudashibumi issued by the Shogunate to estate stewards was not always strictly followed; therefore, a genealogical relation, which was not influenced by Shogunate documents, must be assumed. Strongly associated with this point, the following case is commonly found among kudashibumi issued by an estate steward: kumon ( an officer in charge of document creation for a private estate or provincial government land) signed jointly with the estate steward or their local governor, which allows us to infer that kumon were actually the main body who prepared kudashibumi under the name of the estate steward. In this case, kumon had many opportunities to receive or refer to kudashibumi and other top-down documents issued by a provincial governor, provincial government office, or the lord of the manor, and the influence of such a system may be seen in the diverse differences in the format of kudashibumi issued by an estate steward.
The examination of existing examples showed that kudashibumi issued by an estate stewardwere not always independently prepared in the course of their administrative work by a bushi, who had become an estate steward; based on this finding, a full-scale study and close investigation of the original copies needs to be conducted.},
 pages = {29--42},
 title = {地頭下文の基礎的考察},
 volume = {182},
 year = {2014},
 yomi = {タカハシ, カズキ}
}