@article{oai:rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00002741,
 author = {宮腰, 哲雄 and 本多, 貴之 and 宮里, 正子 and Miyakoshi, Tetsuo and Honda, Takayuki and Miyazato, Masako},
 journal = {国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {application/pdf, 歴史的な種々の琉球漆器の漆膜を科学分析すると日本産や中国産のウルシ Toxicodendron vernicifluum の木から得られる漆液を利用したものだけでなくベトナム産ハゼノキ Toxicodendron succedanea から得られるアンナン漆液が使われていた。また事例は少ないがタイ産やミャンマー産のウルシ Gluta usitata の樹液を利用した漆器もあった。
漆器は器物に単に漆液を塗り作られるのでなく，素地・木地を選び，下地を整え，漆で中塗り上塗りを行い，必要に応じて加飾を施し，美しい漆器になる。歴史的な漆器は，かつては地元の漆液を使い，木胎となる木材及び下地材を選び使われてきたが，時代の推移や経済の発展に伴い漆の原料や漆材料を遠方から入手して漆器が作られるようになった。このようなことから漆器の素地，下地及び上塗りの構造とそれらの材料を調べた。すなわち歴史的な琉球漆器がどんな種類の漆液を用い，中塗り，上塗りにどのような漆を用い，漆器が作られているかを種々の科学分析で調べ，漆器の塗装材料と塗装構造を明らかにしてきた。科学分析法としては熱分解―GC/MS(ガスクロマトグラフ/質量分析)法，クロスセクション法及び蛍光X線分析を用い，更に顕微IR(赤外線吸収)スペクトル，Sr(ストロンチウム)同位体比分析，放射性炭素14年代測定法及び木胎の樹種同定法などの分析法を駆使して漆に関わる材料情報を収集し，どんな技術で漆器が作られたかを研究してきた。我々はこれまでいろいろな科学分析で種々の琉球漆器の塗膜を分析評価する case study 研究をしてきた。本総説では，これまでの研究成果をとりまとめ，歴史的な琉球漆器がどんな漆を使い，どのような漆材料を選び，どんな塗装構造で作られたかを総合的に考察した。, Lacquer is a unique process in Asia that uses sap tapped from lacquer trees grown wild or cultivated in areas of East Asia such as Japan, China and Korea, and from the Ryukyu Islands to Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. It has been used to prepare crafts or wares for more than 8000 years. The surfaces of objects made of wood, bamboo, cloth, paper, porcelain, leather, and metal are coated with lacquer sap not only for protection but also for esthetic effect. Despite differences in the nations, languages, and customs in Asian countries, the interlinked lacquer cultures demonstrate interrelations and are also part of modern life.
Okinawa, located in southernmost Japan, has a nearly 500-years history as the Ryukyu Kingdom and has a Ryukyu lacquer culture with its own characteristics. During its history, the Ryukyu Kingdom maintained good relations with both China and Japan and also traded with Southeast Asian countries. Ryukyu people actively imported neighboring countries’ cultures and technology via trade activities and formed a new culture characterized by complex cultural elements. Therefore, we find similar materials and techniques in the lacquer crafts to those of Chinese, Japanese, and Southeast Asian countries. That is, the history of Ryukyu lacquerwares overlaps with the history of the Ryukyu Kingdom, and clarification of Ryukyu lacquer crafts will increase understanding of the history and culture of Okinawa. In addition, identification of lacquer species is important in the conservation and restoration of valuable ancient Ryukyu lacquerwares.
We analyzed many kinds of Ryukyu lacquerwares belonging to the Urasoe Art Museum by Py-GC/ MS, and detected urushiol and/or laccol pyrolysis products, suggesting that the laquerwares were prepared using the lacquer sap from Toxicodendron vernicifluum and/or Toxicodendron succedanea. Many of our research results have shown that analytical pyrolysis is an effective method for characterization of lacquer films. Moreover, microscopy and cross-section studies demonstrated that the lacquers had a multi-layer coating structure. X-ray analytical microscopy was carried out directly on the surface of lacquerwares to determine the presence of different pigments. The analysis results on Ryukyu lacquerwares based on our research papers revealed that lacquer sap tapped from Toxicodendron vernicifluum and/or Toxicodendron succedanea lacquer trees grown on the Asian continent were used alone and/or combined as a coating material. Ryukyu was an independent kingdom at same points in its history and traded very actively with surrounding countries. Analysis of the results of our research confirmed that Ryukyu people efficiently used the imported coating materials alone or in combination to make lacquerwares using many techniques, such as mitsuda-e, haku-e, chinkin, urushi-e, raden and/ or tsuikin decorating techniques in Ryukyu lacquerwares. These investigations provide scientific support for the conservators, restorers, and archaeologists of lacquer.},
 pages = {309--344},
 title = {[論文] 琉球の漆文化と科学分析に関する学際研究},
 volume = {225},
 year = {2021},
 yomi = {ミヤコシ, テツオ and ホンダ, タカユキ and ミヤザト, マサコ}
}