@article{oai:rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000630,
 author = {福田, アジオ and Fukuta, Azio},
 journal = {国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {application/pdf, 日本の墓制の民俗学的研究で従来最も関心が寄せられてきたのは両墓制の問題である。両墓制研究の焦点はそれが古いか新しいかという点にあった。もちろん古いとする考えが民俗学研究者のなかでは多数派であり、日本人の古来の他界観・霊魂観を示すものとしてきた。それらの多くの研究は二つの施設のそれぞれの名称やその間の儀礼的な関係に注目し、両墓への墓参の継続期間や他方への移行時期に注意を払ってきた。またこの墓制を古いとする考えは石塔以前の姿を追究する傾向を生み、墓地・墓石以外の仏堂、位牌堂、あるいは霊山、死者の赴く山などの事象を研究の対象とするようなことが多くなった。
以上のような従来の両墓制研究は、村落における空間的配置の問題には必ずしも注目してこなかった。空間的配置に注目しても、両墓のみを取り出して、その距離を問題とするものが多く、村落空間全体のなかに位置付ける努力は少なかった。本稿では、両墓制を村落空間の問題として理解し、両墓制が村落そのものの歴史的形成過程と密接に関連して登場してきたものであると同時に、両墓制の両墓の配置は石塔建立の民俗が村落社会で一般化する段階での埋葬墓地のあり方の相違が作り出したものということを論証しようとした。
近江地方のいくつかの村落の墓制では、埋葬墓地が例外なくヤマの領域にあるのに対して石塔建立墓地が村落によって一定しないことが、両墓遠隔型、両墓近接型という両墓制の諸類型を作り出している。それに対して、関東地方などの墓制は遺体埋葬が屋敷内ないしは屋敷続きに行われていたところへ石塔建立の一般化があって、単墓制が成立したものと思われる。したがって、石塔建立の一般化の時期における埋葬墓地のあるべき場所についての観念の相違が両墓制と単墓制という二つの墓制を成立させ、日本の大きな地方差を作り出したものと考えられる。, The problem of the double grave system has attracted the greatest attention in folklore studies on the Japanese grave system. The focus of studies on the double grave system has been placed on the question of whether it is old or new: of course, the majority of folklore researchers have supported the opinion that the grave system is old, and that this shows the traditional Japanese view of the Other World and the spirits. Many of these studies have paid attention to the names of the two burial facilities, the relationship between the rituals held there, the period during which both graves were visited, and the time when only one grave came to be visited. The opinion that the double grave system is old has generated a tendency to pursue the form before the erection of tombstones, and researchers came to study matters other than cemeteries or tombstones, such as Buddhist buildings, mortuary chapels, sacred mountains, or the mountain to which the dead go.
Conventional studies on the double grave system, as described above, have not always paid attention to the problem of spatial arrangement in villages. Even though some studies did give attention to the spatial arrangement, most of them picked out only the two graves and discussed the distance between them; few studies tried to locate them within the village space as a whole. In this paper, the author examines the double grave system from the point of view of village space, and attempts to demonstrate that the double grave system appeared closely related with the historical process of the formation of the village itself; and at the same time, that the arrangement of the two graves in the double grave system came about because of the difference in the styles of burial graveyards, at the stage where the folk custom of erecting tombstones became general in the village community.
In the grave systems of several villages in Omi province (present Shiga Prefecture), in which burial graveyards were without exception located in a mountainous area, graveyards with tombstones differed by village. This gave rise to the different patterns of the double grave system; which are, the remote-grave type and the close-grave type. In contrast, in the grave system of the Kantō District, bodies were buried in or next to the living premises; when the erection of tombstones became general, this resulted in the establishment of the single-grave system. Therefore, the author considers that different concepts of where burial graves showed be located in the period when the erection of tombstones was becoming general, led to the establishment of two grave system, namely, the double grave system and the single grave system, and that this difference produced a large regional disparity in Japan.},
 pages = {237--272},
 title = {両墓制の空間論},
 volume = {49},
 year = {1993},
 yomi = {フクタ, アジオ}
}