@article{oai:rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000699,
 author = {脇野, 博 and Wakino, Hiroshi},
 journal = {国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {application/pdf, 明治以降の機械化にみられる林業技術の近代化は，在来林業技術と関わりを持ちつつ進められた。本稿では材木伐出工程の機械化の一つである森林鉄道導入の事例を取り上げ，在来技術の機械化過程について検討した。
津軽森林鉄道導入の動機は，在来の運材法の欠点を克服し，国有林を開発することにあった。その在来伐出技術の特徴は，橇出と堤流し（管流の一種）にあった。それに関する評価を見ると，当地方の積雪という自然条件を活かした低コストの運材法であるが，伐出時期が限定されることや木材の損傷という点が問題にされ，旧来の方法が慣習として今だに墨守されている点が批判されている。それでは，この運材法は伝統的な伐出技術体系として存在していたのであろうか。
当地方の伐出技術は①角材等の大径材生産，②橇，堤流しによる運材，③伐木造材から運材までの全工程を杣が行う，④労働組織が存在するという特徴を持ち，近世期に確立した伐出技術体系として存在していた。しかし，明治以降の国有林開発の中で，その技術的限界，即ち自然条件への依存に起因する伐出時期の制約の強さに突き当たり，その限界を突破する新しい伐出技術として森林鉄道が導入された。
森林鉄道導入にあたって在来伐出技術体系を支えた伝統的な労働は，杣が伐出全工程を担うという特質ゆえに，森林鉄道＝機械化によって全面的に否定されなかった。それゆえに，森林鉄道は在来伐出技術体系と矛盾せずに導入可能であった。古来よりの習慣といわれた伐出技術が，積極的に近代化できた根拠がここにあった。労働のあり方を媒介にして在来技術と近代技術は深く関わっていたが，津軽森林鉄道の場合は伝統技術が近代化の桎梏にならなかった事例であった。, The modernization of forestry techniques as seen in mechanization from the Meiji Period onward, was carried out hand-in-hand with conventional forestry techniques. This paper deals with the case of the introduction of the forest railway, which was one instance of the mechanization of the timber felling and transportation process, and looks at the process of the mechanization of the the conventional techniques.
The motive for the introduction of the Tsugaru Forest Railway was to overcome the disadvantages of conventional methods of timber moving and to develop the national forests. Conventional methods of timber felling and transportation were characterized by the use of sleds and tsutsumi-nagashi, a method of transporting timber by floating it on water. This is regarded as a low-cost method of transporting timber that made the most of the natural conditions of the area, that is, heavy snowfalls : but problems arose from the limited period during which timber could be moved, and from the damage caused to the timber, and there is criticism of the fact that the old methods are still customarily adhered to at present. The question is, did this method of moving timber exist as a traditioal technical system for the felling and transportation of timber?
Felling and transportation techniques in the area were typified by ①the production of large-diameter timber, such as square timber: ②moving of the timber by sleds and tsutsumi-nagashi: ③the whole process from the felling and dressing of the timber to its transportation being carried out by the woodcutter: and ④the existance of a labour organization; and the felling and transportation techniques existed as a system established in the modern era. However, in the developement of the national forests from the Meiji Period onwards, there was a clash with these technical limitations, that is, the harsh restrictions on the period when felling and transportation could be conducted, arising from dependence on the natural conditions; and the forest railway was introduced as a new method of transporting timber that broke through those limitations.
Because of the special character of the traditional labour supporting the conventional timber-moving technical system, whereby the woodcutter was charged with the whole process of felling and transporting the timber, the forest railway=mechanization did not meet with opposition on all fronts. For this reason, it was possible to introduce the forest railway without clashing with the conventional felling and transportation technical system. These are the grounds on which felling and transporting techniques, said to be a long-established custom, were able to be positively modernized. Conventional techniques and modern techniques were deeply linked through the medium of labour, and the case of the Tsugaru Forest Railway is one instance in which modernization was not fettered by traditional techniques.},
 pages = {181--224},
 title = {津軽森林鉄道導入と在来林業技術 : 伝統技術の近代化をめぐって},
 volume = {57},
 year = {1994},
 yomi = {ワキノ, ヒロシ}
}