@article{oai:rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000726,
 author = {波多野, 純 and Hatano, Jun},
 journal = {国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {application/pdf, 都市施設としての木戸・番屋　近世城下町を都市として捉える指標のひとつに、都市施設の計画的建設と継続的な維持管理をとりあげたい。戦国期の京都には、上京・下京それぞれを囲む構や木戸門が設けられた。
文献史料にみる木戸・番屋の形成過程　慶長一四年（一六〇九）漂着したドン・ロドリゴの記録に、江戸には町ごとの木戸があり治安が維持されたとある。ところが、他の文献史料によれば、町人地の木戸は、寛永六年（一六二九）あるいは同一二年に、初めて建設された。町触における初見は、慶安元年（一六四八）で、「町中之門」と「町之番所」が設けられた。享保の改革期、火の見櫓の設置が定められた。このうち自身番屋上のものを「枠火の見」と呼ぶ。
絵画史料にみる木戸・番屋の様相　出光本『江戸名所図屏風』の木戸は、いずれも都市と外界との境界にある。歴博本『江戸図屏風』では、通町通りの町ごとの木戸とともに横町の木戸も整備されている。享保期の浦部家本『江戸図屏風』の日本橋北詰には木戸と番屋があり、消防の梯子と纏が備えられている。
絵画史料によれば、江戸の木戸は、まず都市域と外部を区画し、やがて町ごとを区切るように建設された。その仕様からみると、町人自らが建設した木戸が、後に公式化した可能性がある。
絵図にみる木戸の分布　最初に木戸が確認できる江戸図は、延宝七年（一六七九）『江戸方角安見図』で、通町通りと本町通りに木戸が示されている。二本の通りに限って木戸が描かれる状況は、その後も踏襲される。しかし、実際には裏通りや横町にも、多数の木戸が設けられた。通町通りと本町通りの木戸のみが重点的に描かれたのは、この二本の道を江戸のメインストリートとして認識させる必要性からである。
おわりに　初期の江戸における木戸は、京都に倣って、都市域と外部の境界に設けられた。その後、木戸の治安維持装置としての役割に注目した幕府は、木戸を公的な施設として認め、防火等の役割も担わせるようになる。
いっぽう、木戸は幕府の権威の表現としても意識された。つまり、江戸が全国の総城下町として、整然と幕府の管理下にあることを、外国使節や諸大名に誇示しようとした。通町通りと本町通りの格別な扱いが、そのことをよく示している。
やがて、町人に維持管理が委ねられた木戸・番屋は、夜間の通行規制、枠火の見や消防用具を備えた防災警備、町奉行所が行う町行政の末端機能、さらに町内自治の事務所など、その機能を拡張し、重要な都市施設として確立した。, “Kido”, a Wooden Gate, And “Banya”, a Guard House, as Urban Facilities
The systematic constructions of urban facilities, their administration and maintenance which were observed in castle towns from late 16th to mid 19th century are major characteristics of urban cities. Wooden gates and trenches were built surrounding Kamigyō (a northern district of Kyoto City) and Shimogyō (a southern district of Kyoto City) in mid 16th century, the age of civil strife.
Establishment Process of “Kido”, a Wooden Gate and “Banya”, a Guard House in Historical Documents
The record written by Don Rodorigo who drifted ashore to Japan in 1609 indicated that there was “kido” (wooden gate) in every town of Edo City for maintenance of public peace and order. On the other hand, according to other historical documents, “kidos” in commercial areas were constructed for the first time in 1629 or 1635. The first mention of the “kido” in the Edo citizens' bulletin was in 1648. The bulletin stated that “the gates all over the town” and “the guard house of the town” had been constructed. In Reformation of the Kyōho era in mid 18th century, the construction of fire-lookout-towers was mandated by law. Of these, the towers constructed on a “jishin banya” (a guard house for watching and patrolling inside Edo City) were called “waku hinomi”, fire-lookout with a ladder.
“Kido”, a Wooden Gate, and “Banya”, a Guard House, in Historical Drawings
There were three historical drawings on folding screens which described “kido”, “banya”, or both of them. First, “kidos” drawn on the folding screen entitled “Edo Meisho-zu” (Drawing of Famous Places), kept by the Idemitsu Museum, were all located at the boundary of Edo City. Second, the drawing on the folding screen entitled “Edo-zu” (Picture Map of Edo City) owned by the National Museum of Japanese History showed both “kidos” located at town-borders on Tōrichō Street and “kidos” systematically constructed on bystreets. Third, the drawing on the folding screen entitled “Edo-zu” which was produced in mid 18th century and owned by the Urabe Family, showed the “kido” and “banya” facilitated with fire ladders and “matoi” (firemen's equipment indicating their team name). Both the “kido” and “banya” in this drawing were located at “Nihonbashi Kitazume” (north side of Nihonbashi Bridge).
According to the historical drawings, the “kido” in Edo City, at first, were constructed as the border of Edo City. Later, more “kidos” were built as the border of towns in Edo City. The historical process of “kido” construction in Edo City implied that “kidos” which were originally constructed by merchants had later become public facilities.
Distribution of “Kidos”, Wooden Gates, in Maps of Edo City
“Edo Hōgaku Yasumizu” (Concise Map of Edo City) drawn in 1679 confirmed the first appearance of “kido” in maps of Edo City. The “kidos” in this map were located on Tōrichō Street and Honchō Street. Later, “kidos” in all maps of Edo City were drawn after the first design in which “kidos” were limitedly drawn on both Tōrichō Street and Honchō Street, although there were many other “kidos” built on bystreets and back streets. Edo Bakufu (Central Government) needed to emphasize “kidos” located on Tōrichō Street and Honchō Street, because they wanted people to recognize them as main streets.
Conclusions
“Kidos” in the early Edo era were constructed at the border of Edo City like “kidos” in Kyoto City. Later, Edo Bakufu paying attention to the important role of “kido” as a device for maintaining public peace and order, highly estimated the role value of “kidos”, and made them public facilities for public safety and fire prevention. Edo Bakufu also made use of “kidos” for a symbol of their authority. They wanted to impress their power to delegations from overseas and feudal loads by showing “kidos” which indicated their systematic governing over Edo City, the capital of Japan. The emphasized way of drawing of “kidos” on both main streets, Tōrichō Street and Honchō Street clearly showed Edo Bakufu's intentions of appealing their power. Later, merchants living in Edo City took over responsibility of management and maintenance of “kidos” and “banyas”. Both “kidos” and “banyas”, then, expanded their functions including traffic control at night, prevention of disasters by using fire-lookout with a ladder and fire-fighting equipments, the magisterial works of local town administration practiced by “machi bugyōsho” (magistrate's office), and the administrative center of local towns. As a result, both “kidos” and “banyas” had become imporatnt urban facilities for people.},
 pages = {31--46},
 title = {江戸における木戸・番屋の成立と機能 : 絵画史料を中心に},
 volume = {60},
 year = {1995},
 yomi = {ハタノ, ジュン}
}