@article{oai:rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000896,
 author = {田路, 正幸 and Toji, Masayuki},
 journal = {国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {application/pdf, 古代銅印は，近年発掘調査による出土例が増加している文字資料の一つである。銅印については，これまでさまざまな視点からの集成作業や研究が行われてきたが，考古資料としての位置付けは必ずしも充分に果たされているとはいいがたい。そこで本稿では発掘調査による出土例をもとに，古代銅印の考古資料としての評価の方途を探ることとしたい。
古代銅印とは，主として奈良・平安時代に属するものを指すが，その編年的位置付けにはなお多くの課題を残している。出土資料では私印の範疇に属するものが大半を占めているが，考古学的観察を通じていくつかの特徴を指摘することができる。その形態には大別して「弧鈕」と「莟鈕」があるが，鈕孔の有無や基部の装飾の相違などによってさらに細分が可能である。印面には基本的に氏もしくは名の一部が刻まれたものと思われるが，一字印のなかには複数の資料で同一の文字を有する例が認められる。出土遺跡は関東・中部地方を中心としてほぼ全国に及び，遺跡の性格には都城跡・官衙跡・寺院跡・集落跡・祭祀跡など多様なものがある。銅印の出土状況には，竪穴住居跡から検出されたものや，一部には人為的な埋置を想定されるものが認められている。
さらに鋳造痕跡をとどめる資料やいくつかの遺跡における鋳型の出土によって，これまで推定の域を出ることがなかった古代銅印製作の技術的過程や鋳造遺跡の実態に迫る手がかりを得ることが可能となった。
出土銅印のなかには赤色顔料の付着が認められるものがあり，実際に押捺に供された可能性を持つものの存在を想定させるが，今後は観念的側面を含めた多様な存在形態の可能性を視野に入れつつ，他の文字資料を含めた律令的文字文化全体の展開のなかで評価を推し進める必要があろう。, The bronze seal of old times is one of the materials to study letters which are found many times in recent researches by excavation. Collection work and studies have been conducted so far on bronze seals from various viewpoints. However, we cannot necessarily say that the positioning of bronze seals as Archaeological materials was conducted in a sufficient manner. For this reason, based on samples found in excavating surveys, the author intends to explore a method to evaluate bronze seals of old times as Archaeological materials. 
The bronze seals of old times means the bronze seals which were mainly created in the eras of Nara and Heian, but there are still many assignments unsolved with respect to their positioning in chronological sequence. A large percentage of excavated materials falls into the genre of private seals, but archaeological observations help point out some characteristics. The forms of bronze seals are roughly classified as “ko-chu”（弧鈕）and“gan-chū”（莟鈕）, and a further minute classification is possible according to the presence of “chū-kō”（鈕孔） and the difference in decorations at the base of a seal. Essentially the family name or part of the personal name is considered to have been engraved in the seal surface. Concerning one-character seals, a plural number of materials bear the same letter. The ruins where such seals were excavated range from the districts of Kantō and Chūbu, covering almost all the areas of the national land. The kinds of the related ruins are the ruins of capital city, government offices, temples, communities, and sites for religious rites. Some bronze seals were found from pit dwellings, and in some cases, seals were intentionally buried. Excavation of materials which have casting marks on themselves and casting molds from some ruins has provided clues for determining technical processes for manufacture of bronze seals and casting ruins which were left unconfirmed previously. 
Red pigment is deposited on some excavated seals, which permits an assumption that the seals actually used for seal marking really existed. In the future, it will be necessary to promote evaluations all through the development of the entire culture of letters based on Ritsuryō（律令）system including other materials related to letters in other fields, with a perspective of the possibility that bronze seals existed in various forms including conceptional aspects.},
 pages = {427--455},
 title = {考古資料としての古代銅印について（Ⅳ. 論考 / 2. 古代印論 : 出土・伝世印と印影）},
 volume = {79},
 year = {1999},
 yomi = {トウジ, マサユキ}
}