@article{oai:rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000939, author = {春成, 秀爾 and Harunari, Hideji}, journal = {国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History}, month = {Mar}, note = {application/pdf, 哀悼傷身の習俗の一つに抜歯がある。この抜歯は18~19世紀のハワイ諸島の例が有名である。抜く歯は上下の中・側切歯であって,首長や親族の死にさいして極度の哀悼の意をあらわすために1回に2本を抜く。文献記録では,16~18世紀の中国の四川省や貴州省に住んでいた佗佬の例がもっとも古い。しかし,考古資料では,徳島県内谷石棺墓の男性人骨に伴った女性の上顎中切歯1本が哀悼抜歯の存在をしめしており,4世紀までさかのぼる。 中国新石器時代の抜歯は,7000年前に上顎の側切歯を抜くことから始まる。抜歯の年齢・普及率からすると,成人式とかかわりをもつと考えてよい。中国では4500年前になると,この習俗はいったん衰退する。まもなく今度は上下の中・側切歯を抜くことが安徽・江蘇・山東付近で始まる。抜歯の年齢はあがり,その頻度は低くなる。新たに始まったこの抜歯は死者に対する哀悼のためであった,と私は推定する。 上下の中・側切歯を抜いた例は,モンゴル(~19世紀?),シベリア(新石器~19世紀?),アメリカ(15世紀以前~19世紀?),日本(縄文前期~6世紀=古墳時代),琉球(縄文~13世紀),ポリネシア(18~19世紀)で知られている。中国新石器時代に発祥した哀悼抜歯が数千年かけてアジア・アメリカ・太平洋にひろがっていったことを,これらの事実は示唆している。 ポリネシア・シベリア・モンゴルでは,髪を切り身体を刀で傷つける哀悼傷身は,首長や親族との特別に親密な関係を表現し更新する役割を果たしている。考古資料にのこされている哀悼抜歯の痕跡は,墓の内容,男女の別などを考慮することによって,抜歯された人物の社会的な位置を探り,さらにはその社会の構造を解明していく手がかりとなる可能性を秘めている。, Tooth extraction is one custom of self-impairment expressing lament. One famous example of this is in the Hawaiian Islands from the 18th to the 19th century. The teeth extracted were the central and/or lateral incisors of both/either jaw(s). At the death of a head man or a family member, two teeth were extracted at one time to express the deep mourning. The oldest written document is the example of Gelao tribe which resided in Sichuan and Guizhou provinces in the south-west of China from the 16th to the 18th century. However, archaeological evidence shows that this custom goes back as early as the 4th century; the male human bones from Uchitani stone coffin tomb in Tokushima prefecture in Japan are accompanied with a female central incisor of the upper jaw. This must be evidence of the practice of lamenting tooth extraction. Tooth extraction in the Chinese Neolithic began about 7000 years ago with extraction of the both lateral incisors of the upper jaw. Judging from the ages and the high percentages of extraction, it may well relate to a coming of age ceremony. In China, this custom became outmoded around 4500 years ago. It started again in and around Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong provinces. This time the teeth extracted were the central and/or lateral incisors of both/either jaw(s) at higher ages and lower percentage. The present writer assumes that this tooth extraction was for expressing lament. The tooth extraction of the incisors of both/either jaw(s) is known in Mongolia (~19th c.?), Siberia (the Neolithic~19th c.?), North America (before 16th c.~19th c.?), Japan (the early Jomon period~6th c. = the period of ancient burial mounds), Ryukyu (the late Jomon period~13th c.), Polynesia (18th~19th c.). These examples indicate that the lamenting tooth extraction which began in China in the Neolithic, spread through Asia, North America, and the Pacific over thousands of years. In Polynesia, Siberia, and Mongolia, the lamenting self-impairment played part in expressing and renewing the special close relation with a headman or a family member. It is quite possible that if we study the contents and sex of the deceased in tombs, the archaeological evidence will provide us some hints on the social positions of the tooth extracted persons, and provide insights to the social structure itself.}, pages = {1--59}, title = {哀悼抜歯 : アジア・アメリカ・ポリネシアをつなぐ習俗}, volume = {83}, year = {2000}, yomi = {ハルナリ, ヒデジ} }