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奈良県宇陀地方の中世墓地
https://doi.org/10.15024/00000610
https://doi.org/10.15024/0000061011f7be1c-3c3e-48a0-9ae8-8f1913f42c32
| 名前 / ファイル | ライセンス | アクション |
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kenkyuhokoku_049_04.pdf (6.2 MB)
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| Item type | 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1) | |||||
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| 公開日 | 2016-04-01 | |||||
| タイトル | ||||||
| タイトル | 奈良県宇陀地方の中世墓地 | |||||
| 言語 | ja | |||||
| タイトル | ||||||
| タイトル | Medieval Graveyards in the Uda Region, Nara Prefecture | |||||
| 言語 | en | |||||
| 言語 | ||||||
| 言語 | jpn | |||||
| 資源タイプ | ||||||
| 資源タイプ識別子 | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 | |||||
| 資源タイプ | departmental bulletin paper | |||||
| ID登録 | ||||||
| ID登録 | 10.15024/00000610 | |||||
| ID登録タイプ | JaLC | |||||
| 著者 |
白石, 太一郎
× 白石, 太一郎× Shiraishi, Taichirō |
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| 抄録 | ||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||
| 内容記述 | 奈良盆地の東南の山間部に位置する宇陀地方の中世墓地については、最近の発掘調査によってその全容が明らかにされた例がいくつかある。それら中世末に廃絶し、遺跡化した墓地に対して、この地方には中世以来現在までその利用が続いている墓地がある。小論はこの両者を総合して考察することによって、中世の宇陀における葬制と墓制の展開過程を追求しようとしたものである。 発掘された中世墓地はいずれも三〇基程度から九〇基程度の墓で構成されるもので、地上には石組をもち、多くはその上に五輪塔や箱形の石仏などの石塔類を立てていたらしい。またそれらの地下には、火葬骨を納めた火葬墓、火葬施設、土葬墓などがみられる。それらは一三世紀頃から一六世紀頃まで存続したもので、一五世紀以前には火葬墓が多く、それ以降には土葬墓が多くなる。また石塔類が多く立てられるのも一五世紀以後のようで、一六世紀前半までは五輪塔が、一六世紀後半には箱形石仏が用いられたらしい。一方現在まで続く墓地のなかにも多数の中世の石塔が遺存するものがあり、中世の段階では発掘された墓地と同様の景観・内容・性格をもっていたと考えられる。 こうした宇陀の中世墓地は、いずれもこの地域の在地武士や有力農民の一統墓と考えられる。彼らが一三世紀頃になってこうした火葬墓地を営むようになる背景には、おそらく律宗などの下層僧侶の積極的な働きかけがあったのであろう。やがてこれらの墓地は次第に土葬の墓地に変化するが、さらに一六世紀後半になって織豊政権による支配秩序の変革が行われると、主として在地武士層により形成されていたこの地の中世墓地は大きな転機を迎える。その多くは廃絶して新しく成立した村の共同墓地に統合されたり、一部は地域の民衆墓をも含み込んだ地縁的な村墓に変質する。血縁関係を紐帯とする墓地から地縁関係を紐帯とする墓地に変化するのである。こうした墓地の再編成とともに葬・墓制自体も大きく変化する。それは村単位の埋め墓とは別に多くは家単位の詣り墓を営む両墓制の成立である。その成立の契機は、村を単位に行われる遺骸の処理と、家を単位に行われる祖先祭祀の矛盾の解消にあったと思われる。 |
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| 抄録 | ||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||
| 内容記述 | Recent excavations and investigations have made clear all aspects of some medieval graveyards in Uda, located in the southeast mountains of the Nara Basin. In addition to these graveyards which fell into disuse at the end of the Medieval Ages, there remain in this region other graveyards that have been continued in use since the Medieval Ages until the present day. The author, in this paper, integrates these two types of graveyards and examines the process of development of the funeral and grave systems in the Uda Region in the Medieval Ages. Examples of graveyards the overall image of which has been clarified through excavations and investigations are: Tanihata Graveyard, Daiōyama Graveyard, Yukitōge-minamiyama Graveyard, Noyama Graveyard, and Shimenzaka Graveyard, all of Haibara-chō, and Chikuma Graveyard in Ōuda-chō. The number of graves in each graveyard range from 20 or 30, up to 90; they all have a square area on the surface covered with stones, and most of them seem to have had stone towers such as gorintō (gravestone composed of five pieces piled up one upon another) or box-type stone Buddhist images, erected on top of thos. Underground, beneath this stonework are crematory graves in which cremated ashes were placed to rest, facilities for cremation, burial graves, etc. These graves were used roughly from the 13th to the 16th centuries. There were more crematory graves before the 15th century and more burial graves thereafter. Stone towers also seem to have been erected from the 15th century on; from the 15th to the early 16th centuries gorintō were used, and in the later 16th century box-type stone Buddhist images were used. Among the medieval graveyards that remain in use from the Medieval Ages to the present day, the graveyard of the Ōkura-ji Temple in Ōuda-chō contains 30 to 40 small gorintō, and the same number of box-type stone Buddhist images from the Medieval Ages, together with a large gorintō erected in Shōhei 正平 6 (1351), as a general memorial tower for the whole graveyard. Cinerary urns for cremated ashes have also been discovered in this graveyard, which indicates that crematory graves were maintained in the Medieval Ages. On the other hand, 40-odd small gorintō and a similar number of box-type stone Buddhist images, as well as a large gorintō in one corner, remain in Nishigami Graveyard at Nyudani, Utano-chō. There are a considerable number of medieval graveyards that have been conserved to the present day, and in the Medieval Ages they all seem to have been similar in appearance, content and character to the excavated graveyards. It is also considered possible that large gorintō once existed in the medieval graveyards that have been excavated, and that such large gorintō were erected as the symbol of the whole graveyard, before small gorintō were erected in the later Medieval Ages. All these medieval graveyards in the Uda area are throught to have been the family graves of local warriors and influential farmers of this area. Behind the fact that crematory graveyards of this kind came to be administered in the 13th and the 14th centuries, there may have been active approaches by lower priests of the Ritsushū 律宗 or other sects. Later, these graveyards gradually changed into burial graves. In the later 16th century, when the ruling order changed with the Oda-Toyotomi governments, the medieval graveyards of this area, which were chiefly comprised of graves for the local warrior class, faced a revolutionary turning point. Most of them were discetinued, and were integrated into the newly-established village community graveyards; some of them changed into regional graveyards that contained the graves of local common people. The change was from graveyards bound by a blood relationship to graveyards bound by a territorial relationship. Along with the reorganization of graveyards, the funeral and grave systems also changed dramatically; this was the establishment of the double grave system in which the body was buried in the burial grave of the village, which was separte from the visiting grave of each family. One of the reasons for the establishment of this system was probably to restore the inconsistancy between the disposal of the body, which was dealt with by the village as a unit, and ancestor worship, which was carried out in family units. The tradition of disposing of the body as the part of mutual aid within the village seems to have existed before the Early Modern era in the agricultural villages of this area. On the other hand, however, ancestor worship through the erection of stone towers which had been practiced among the local warriors in the Medieval Ages, spread among the common farmers; this resulted in the establishment of the double grave system. |
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| 書誌情報 |
ja : 国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 en : Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History 巻 49, p. 93-130, 発行日 1993-03-25 |
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| 出版者 | ||||||
| 出版者 | 国立歴史民俗博物館 | |||||
| 言語 | ja | |||||
| ISSN | ||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | PISSN | |||||
| 収録物識別子 | 0286-7400 | |||||
| 書誌レコードID | ||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | NCID | |||||
| 収録物識別子 | AN00377607 | |||||
| 関連サイト | ||||||
| 識別子タイプ | URI | |||||
| 関連識別子 | https://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/outline/publication/ronbun/ronbun2/index.html#no49 | |||||
| 関連名称 | 第49集 収録論文 タイトルリスト | |||||
| フォーマット | ||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Other | |||||
| 内容記述 | application/pdf | |||||
| 著者版フラグ | ||||||
| 出版タイプ | VoR | |||||
| 出版タイプResource | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 | |||||
| 見出し | ||||||
| 大見出し | 共同研究「葬墓制と他界観」 | |||||
| 言語 | ja | |||||
| 見出し | ||||||
| 大見出し | Studies on Funeral Rites and Death Imagination in Japan | |||||
| 言語 | en | |||||
