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豚便所 : 飼養形態からみた豚文化の特質
https://doi.org/10.15024/00000979
https://doi.org/10.15024/000009791dcee397-a0de-4845-99e2-379d02dc33ac
| 名前 / ファイル | ライセンス | アクション |
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kenkyuhokoku_090_03.pdf (11.6 MB)
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| Item type | 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1) | |||||
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| 公開日 | 2016-04-01 | |||||
| タイトル | ||||||
| タイトル | 豚便所 : 飼養形態からみた豚文化の特質 | |||||
| 言語 | ja | |||||
| タイトル | ||||||
| タイトル | The Toilet Pigsty | |||||
| 言語 | en | |||||
| 言語 | ||||||
| 言語 | jpn | |||||
| 資源タイプ | ||||||
| 資源タイプ識別子 | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 | |||||
| 資源タイプ | departmental bulletin paper | |||||
| ID登録 | ||||||
| ID登録 | 10.15024/00000979 | |||||
| ID登録タイプ | JaLC | |||||
| 著者 |
西谷, 大
× 西谷, 大× Nishitani, Masaru |
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| 抄録 | ||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||
| 内容記述 | 豚便所とは畜舎に便所を併設し，人糞を餌として豚を飼養する施設である。豚便所形明器の分析からその分布には偏りがあり，成立の要因も地域によって異なることを明らかにした。豚便所は黄河中下流域で，戦国期の農耕進展による家畜飼養と農耕を両立させるため，家屋内便所で豚の舎飼いをおこない，飼料のコスト削減を目的として成立したと考えられる。一方豚便所のもう一つの重要な機能である廏肥の生産と耕作地への施肥との積極的な結びつきは，後漢中期以降に本格化する可能性が高いと推定した。黄河中下流域で成立した豚便所は，周辺地域へと広がるが，各地の受容要因は地域性が認められる。長江流域の水田地域の豚便所普及は，華北的農耕の広がりに伴う農耕地への施肥が，水田地にも応用されたことが契機になっている。一方，華南の広州市地域における豚便所の受容は，華北の豚便所文化を担った集団の移住による強制的な受容形態である。中国における豚飼養は，人糞飼料・畜糞・施肥を媒体とし，農耕と有機的に結合したシステムを形成しただけでなく，さらに祭祀儀礼などと複雑に結びつく多目的多利用型豚文化を展開した点に特質がある。一方日本列島で，中国的豚文化を受容しなかった一つの要因として，糞尿利用に対する拒否的な文化的態度の存在が指摘できよう。弥生時代には，豚は大陸からもちこまれ，食料としてだけでなくまつりにも重要な役割をはたした。しかし弥生時代以降の豚利用は，食料の生産だけにその飼養目的を特化した可能性が高い。その後奈良時代になると，宗教上の肉食禁忌の影響・国家の米重視の政策など，豚飼養を維持する上で不利な歴史的状況に直面する。食料の生産以外に，農耕・祭祀など多目的な結びつきが希薄だった日本列島の豚文化は，マイナスの要因を排除するだけの，積極的な動機づけを見いだせず，その結果豚飼養は衰退への道をたどっていったのではと考えられる。 | |||||
| 抄録 | ||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||
| 内容記述 | The toilet pigsty is the barn juxtaposed with the toilet, where pigs are fed and raised with the human body waste. This paper makes the following points clear from the analysis of the grave goods of pigsty shape; their distribution is not even and the circumstances of existence differ from place to place. The toilet pigsty was first established around the middle and low reaches of the Hwanhe (the Yellow River) in China, aiming primarily to reduce the cost of livestock feed by keeping pigs in the toilet shed inside the house. This was a result of internalization of stock-farming by agriculture of the Warring State period. The production of pig manure is another important function of the pigsty and the author of this paper assumes that the dung production and its manuring to the farming land were quite probably united positively in the latter half of the Later Han period. The existence of the toilet pigsty needed a cultural attitude which could accept the human body waste as livestock feed and its remote grounds should have been in the process of domestication of the pig. The toilet pigsty established in the middle and low reaches of the Hwanhe, spread to peripheral regions, and its diffusion to the wet-field rice cultivating regions along the Changjiang (the Yangtze River) owed a lot to dung manuring of the wet field. On the other hand, the form of acceptance of the toilet pigsty around Guanzhou region in South China was forcible with the mass emigration of people who bore the tradition of the toilet pigsty in North China, and it aimed at raising pigs in the inner part of the city. As it has been said, the acceptance of the toilet pigsty varied in different localities in China itself. The pig raising in China not only formed a biogeocenotic system organically united with agriculture by the means of human body waste feed, animal dung and manuring, but also developed a multi-purpose and multi-faceted pig culture complicatedly united with religious rites and festivals. The Japanese archipelago did not accept the Chinese pig culture; we can point out as one of its reasons that there existed a negative cultural attitude toward the use of excretions. In the Japanese archipelago, the Chinese pig raising for food and festivals should have been specialized mainly for the purpose of getting food. The various external negative factors such as the high cost, religious influence and the national policy putting great importance on rice might have led the pig raising with only one purpose on the decline, losing the impetus of raising pigs. Grave goods in the shape of the toilet pigsty are excavated in various places in China from graves of the Han period, and are known to be widely distributed. In this paper, such grave goods are collected and the reason and process of the existence of the toilet pigsty will be examined, and the conditions of its spreading and acceptance in various places will be surveyed considering its implication. The pig was introduced into the Japanese islands in the Yayoi period with the wet-field rice cultivation, but it disappeared after the Nara period. In China, the pig has held an important position among the domestic animals up to the present, and it accounts for about 80 percent of the meat consumption according to recent statistics. In the Japanese islands, except Ryukyu islands, why did the pig raising disappear? The relation between the human being and the pig, examined by the study of the toilet pigsty in the Han period in China, would give us some clues to consider the pig raising in the Japanese archipelago. |
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| 書誌情報 |
ja : 国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 en : Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History 巻 90, p. 79-150, 発行日 2001-03-30 |
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| 出版者 | ||||||
| 出版者 | 国立歴史民俗博物館 | |||||
| 言語 | ja | |||||
| ISSN | ||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | PISSN | |||||
| 収録物識別子 | 0286-7400 | |||||
| 書誌レコードID | ||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | NCID | |||||
| 収録物識別子 | AN00377607 | |||||
| 関連サイト | ||||||
| 識別子タイプ | URI | |||||
| 関連識別子 | https://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/outline/publication/ronbun/ronbun4/index.html#no90 | |||||
| 関連名称 | 第90集 収録論文 タイトルリスト | |||||
| フォーマット | ||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Other | |||||
| 内容記述 | application/pdf | |||||
| 著者版フラグ | ||||||
| 出版タイプ | VoR | |||||
| 出版タイプResource | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 | |||||
